What should I learn to become an expert in Computer Vision?

To become an expert in Computer Vision (CV), focus on mastering three core areas: mathematical foundations, programming and tools, and advanced CV concepts. Start by building a strong understanding of linear algebra, calculus, probability, and geometry. Linear algebra is essential for tasks like image transformations (e.g., scaling, rotation) and matrix operations used in neural networks. Calculus underpins optimization methods like gradient descent, which are critical for training models. Probability and statistics help in handling uncertainties, such as object detection in noisy images. Geometry is key for understanding camera models, 3D reconstruction, and stereo vision. For example, concepts like Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) are used in structure-from-motion algorithms, and homography matrices are applied in image stitching.

Next, develop practical programming skills using languages like Python and libraries such as OpenCV, PyTorch, or TensorFlow. OpenCV provides tools for basic image processing (e.g., edge detection with Canny filters) and advanced tasks like feature matching (using SIFT or ORB). Frameworks like PyTorch let you implement convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for classification, object detection (e.g., YOLO), or segmentation (e.g., U-Net). Learn to preprocess data (resizing, normalization) and use datasets like COCO or ImageNet. Familiarity with GPU acceleration (CUDA) and tools like Jupyter Notebooks for prototyping is also valuable. For example, you might build a facial recognition system using OpenCV for face detection and a PyTorch model for embedding generation.

Finally, dive into advanced CV topics and real-world applications. Study deep learning architectures like Transformers for vision tasks (ViT), generative models (GANs) for image synthesis, or reinforcement learning for robotics navigation. Explore 3D vision (point clouds, depth estimation with LiDAR) and real-time systems (optimizing models with TensorRT). Work on projects like building a self-driving car simulator using semantic segmentation or implementing SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) for drones. Stay updated by reading research papers (e.g., from CVPR or arXiv) and contributing to open-source projects. For instance, you could fine-tune a pre-trained Detectron2 model for custom object detection in industrial inspections. Practical experience, combined with theoretical depth, will solidify your expertise.