What are the potential roles of blockchain in IR?

Blockchain technology can play several practical roles in international relations (IR) by addressing trust, transparency, and efficiency challenges. Its core features—decentralized data storage, cryptographic security, and immutable record-keeping—offer specific solutions for cross-border collaboration, treaty enforcement, and secure information sharing. Here are three key applications explained in straightforward terms.

First, blockchain can enhance trust in multilateral agreements by providing a tamper-proof system for verifying commitments. For example, climate accords often rely on self-reported emissions data, which can be disputed. A blockchain-based registry could store verified emissions data from IoT sensors or third-party auditors, allowing participating nations to access a shared, unalterable record. This reduces disputes over compliance and simplifies enforcement. Similarly, trade agreements could use smart contracts to automatically trigger tariff adjustments or sanctions based on predefined conditions, minimizing bureaucratic delays.

Second, blockchain can improve the security and transparency of humanitarian aid and diplomatic communication. In conflict zones, aid distribution is often hampered by corruption or mismanagement. A blockchain system could track donations from source to recipient, ensuring funds or resources aren’t diverted. For instance, the UN’s World Food Programme has already tested blockchain to track cash transfers to refugees. In diplomacy, encrypted blockchain networks could enable secure, auditable communication channels between governments, reducing risks of espionage or data manipulation.

Finally, blockchain can streamline cross-border legal and administrative processes. National registries for passports, patents, or corporate filings often operate in silos, creating friction in international collaboration. A decentralized identity system built on blockchain could allow countries to recognize digital credentials (e.g., driver’s licenses or academic degrees) across borders without centralized intermediaries. Estonia’s blockchain-based e-Residency program, which provides global access to government services, demonstrates this potential. Such systems reduce paperwork and accelerate processes like visa approvals or business licensing.

By focusing on verifiable data, automated workflows, and interoperable systems, blockchain offers concrete tools to address longstanding IR challenges—without overhyping its capabilities. Developers can contribute by building modular, standards-driven solutions that prioritize simplicity and cross-border compatibility.