What are temporary tables in SQL?

What Are Temporary Tables in SQL? Temporary tables in SQL are short-lived database objects designed to store intermediate results during a session or transaction. They are created and used within a specific database connection or scope and are automatically removed when the session ends or the transaction completes, depending on the database system. For example, in SQL Server, temporary tables are prefixed with # and exist only for the duration of the connection, while in PostgreSQL, they’re created using the TEMPORARY keyword and are visible only within the session. These tables are useful for breaking down complex queries or operations into manageable steps without affecting permanent data.

Common Use Cases and Examples Developers often use temporary tables to process data that’s too large or complex to handle in a single query. For instance, imagine generating a sales report that requires aggregating data from multiple tables. Instead of writing a single, unwieldy query, you could create a temporary table to store filtered sales records, apply transformations, and then join it with other tables for final calculations. Another example is session-specific data in web applications: a temporary table could hold user-specific data (like a shopping cart) during a session, ensuring isolation from other users. Some databases, like SQL Server, also allow indexing temporary tables to improve query performance for repeated operations.

Management and Considerations While temporary tables simplify workflows, they require careful management. Most databases automatically clean them up, but explicitly dropping them (e.g., DROP TABLE #TempSales) when no longer needed is a good practice to free resources. Be mindful of scope: in some systems like PostgreSQL, temporary tables are session-specific, while others like MySQL allow them to persist until the connection closes. Also, temporary tables can lead to naming conflicts if reused carelessly within nested procedures. For example, creating a #TempData table in a stored procedure that calls another procedure using the same name might cause unexpected behavior. Always test their impact on performance, as overuse can strain temporary storage (e.g., SQL Server’s tempdb).