Few-shot learning in medical image analysis addresses the challenge of training models when only a small number of labeled examples are available. Medical datasets often suffer from limited annotations due to the cost of expert labeling, privacy concerns, or the rarity of certain conditions. Few-shot techniques enable models to generalize from a handful of labeled samples, often by leveraging prior knowledge from related tasks or domains. For example, a model trained to detect common tumors in brain MRI scans could adapt to identify rare tumor types using just a few annotated images, reducing reliance on large labeled datasets.
Common technical approaches include meta-learning, transfer learning, and data augmentation. Meta-learning frameworks like Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning (MAML) train models to quickly adapt to new tasks with minimal data by learning a parameter initialization that works across tasks. In practice, this could involve pretraining on a diverse set of X-ray datasets to recognize general anatomical features, then fine-tuning with five examples of a rare lung condition. Transfer learning uses pretrained models (e.g., on ImageNet) as a starting point, with only the final layers retrained on medical data. Data augmentation techniques like rotation, scaling, or synthetic data generation (using GANs) artificially expand small datasets. For instance, generating variations of a few skin lesion images helps improve melanoma detection robustness.
Challenges include handling domain shifts and ensuring clinical reliability. Medical images vary widely due to differences in imaging devices, protocols, or patient demographics. A model trained on CT scans from one hospital might perform poorly on another’s data without domain adaptation. Techniques like prototypical networks, which map images to a shared embedding space for comparison, help mitigate this by focusing on relational patterns rather than absolute features. Developers must also address interpretability—clinicians need to trust predictions. Tools like Grad-CAM can highlight regions influencing decisions, even in few-shot scenarios. While promising, these models require rigorous validation against real-world data to ensure safety before deployment.