Computer vision focuses on enabling machines to interpret visual data, with several core areas forming its foundation. The most important topics include image classification, object detection, and segmentation. Image classification involves training models like CNNs (Convolutional Neural Networks) to categorize entire images into predefined classes (e.g., identifying cats vs. dogs in photos). Object detection builds on this by locating and classifying multiple objects within an image using architectures like YOLO (You Only Look Once) or Faster R-CNN. Segmentation takes this further by labeling each pixel in an image, enabling precise understanding of object boundaries—commonly applied in medical imaging or autonomous vehicles for tasks like tumor detection or road scene parsing.
Another critical area is 3D computer vision, which deals with depth estimation, point cloud processing, and 3D reconstruction. Depth estimation techniques like stereo vision or LiDAR-based methods are essential for applications such as robotics navigation or augmented reality. Point cloud processing, often using algorithms like PointNet, handles data from 3D sensors to model environments or objects. Techniques like NeRF (Neural Radiance Fields) have advanced 3D scene reconstruction by synthesizing photorealistic views from 2D images. These methods are vital for industries like autonomous driving, where understanding 3D space is crucial for obstacle avoidance.
Finally, video analysis and generative models are key topics. Video analysis extends image-based tasks to temporal data, addressing challenges like object tracking (e.g., using SORT or DeepSORT algorithms) and action recognition (e.g., classifying activities in surveillance footage). Generative models like GANs (Generative Adversarial Networks) and diffusion models enable tasks such as image synthesis, style transfer, or data augmentation. For example, Stable Diffusion can generate realistic images from text prompts, while CycleGAN translates images between domains (e.g., turning satellite photos into maps). These tools are widely used in creative industries, synthetic data generation, and enhancing training datasets for other vision tasks. Together, these topics form the backbone of modern computer vision systems.